{"id":561,"date":"2024-02-12T15:36:39","date_gmt":"2024-02-12T14:36:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.heiwit.com\/?p=561"},"modified":"2024-05-07T12:54:00","modified_gmt":"2024-05-07T10:54:00","slug":"cum-arata-si-cum-functioneaza-un-panou-solar","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.heiwit.com\/ro\/come-fatto-un-pannello-solare-e-come-funziona\/","title":{"rendered":"Cum arat\u0103 \u0219i cum func\u021bioneaz\u0103 un panou solar"},"content":{"rendered":"

La Heiwit, cunoa\u0219tem bine panourile solare. Instal\u0103m sisteme fotovoltaice pe acoperi\u0219urile companiilor, ceea ce ne permite s\u0103 ne aducem contribu\u021bia la decarbonizare <\/a>\u0219i pentru a oferi companiilor italiene o modalitate de a ob\u021bine profit. Cine \u0219tie mai bine dec\u00e2t noi cum arat\u0103 \u0219i cum func\u021bioneaz\u0103 un panou solar<\/strong>?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Cum arat\u0103 un panou solar?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u00cen jargonul tehnic, denumim panouri solare module fotovoltaice<\/strong>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Acestea sunt dispozitive tehnologice concepute pentru a converti energia luminoas\u0103 a soarelui \u00een energie electric\u0103 utilizabil\u0103. Pentru a face acest lucru, structura lor de baz\u0103 este compus\u0103 din mai multe componente esen\u021biale care ac\u021bioneaz\u0103 sinergic pentru a capta \u0219i transforma lumina soarelui \u00een energie electric\u0103.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Componenta principal\u0103 a unui panou solar este celul\u0103 fotovoltaic\u0103<\/strong>, realizate, de obicei, din siliciu cristalin. Celulele fotovoltaice sunt straturi sub\u021biri de material semiconductor care genereaz\u0103 curent electric atunci c\u00e2nd sunt expuse la lumina soarelui. Aceste celule sunt conectate electric \u00een serie sau \u00een paralel \u00een cadrul panoului pentru a ob\u021bine tensiunea \u0219i curentul dorite.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cadrul de sus\u021binere al panourilor solare este de obicei fabricat din aluminiu sau o\u021bel inoxidabil pentru a asigura rezisten\u021ba mecanic\u0103 \u0219i durabilitatea. Acest cadru sus\u021bine celulele fotovoltaice \u0219i ofer\u0103, de asemenea, o structur\u0103 de protec\u021bie pentru panou.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deasupra celulelor fotovoltaice este aplicat un sticl\u0103 transparent\u0103 rezistent\u0103 la intemperii. <\/strong>Aceast\u0103 sticl\u0103 are rolul de a le proteja de umezeal\u0103, praf \u0219i deterior\u0103ri mecanice, precum \u0219i de a permite luminii solare s\u0103 treac\u0103 nestingherit\u0103 prin ele. Pe suprafa\u021ba superioar\u0103 a sticlei se poate aplica o pelicul\u0103 de material transparent, antireflex, pentru a \u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u021bi eficien\u021ba colect\u0103rii luminii solare, reduc\u00e2nd reflexiile de suprafa\u021b\u0103 care, altfel, ar putea reduce energia captat\u0103 de celulele fotovoltaice.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pe spatele celulelor fotovoltaice se ata\u0219eaz\u0103 o foaie de material impermeabil \u0219i izolant, care protejeaz\u0103 celulele de p\u0103trunderea umezelii \u0219i a intemperiilor din cealalt\u0103 parte a panoului. \u00cen cele din urm\u0103, cablurile \u0219i conectorii electrici sunt conecta\u021bi la celulele fotovoltaice pentru a transporta electricitatea produs\u0103 de panoul solar la un sistem de stocare sau un sistem de distribu\u021bie \u0219i utilizare final\u0103<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cum func\u021bioneaz\u0103 un panou solar<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Acum c\u0103 \u0219ti\u021bi cum arat\u0103 un panou solar \u0219i ce tipuri exist\u0103 (de fapt, am dedicat un articol acestui subiect<\/a>) este timpul s\u0103 \u00een\u021belegem cum func\u021bioneaz\u0103 un sistem fotovoltaic<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Istoria energiei solare<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u00cenainte de a intra \u00een subiect, trebuie s\u0103 \u0219ti\u021bi c\u0103 descoperirea puterii luminii solare de a crea energie nu este recent\u0103. \u00cen secolul al VII-lea \u00ee.Hr., oamenii foloseau lumina soarelui pentru a aprinde focuri prin reflectarea razelor solare pe obiecte str\u0103lucitoare. \u00cen secolul al III-lea \u00ee.Hr., grecii \u0219i romanii foloseau oglinzi solare pentru a aprinde tor\u021be \u00een timpul ceremoniilor religioase.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apoi, \u00een 1839, t\u00e2n\u0103rul fizician francez Edmond Becquerel, \u00een v\u00e2rst\u0103 de doar 19 ani, a descoperit efectul fotovoltaic \u00een timp ce experimenta cu o celul\u0103 format\u0103 din electrozi metalici \u00eentr-o solu\u021bie conductoare. El a observat c\u0103 celula producea mai mult\u0103 electricitate atunci c\u00e2nd era expus\u0103 la lumina soarelui: aceasta a fost prima celul\u0103 fotovoltaic\u0103! Tehnologia fotovoltaic\u0103 a f\u0103cut mari progrese \u00een 1954, c\u00e2nd Daryl Chapin, Calvin Fuller \u0219i Gerald Pearson au dezvoltat prima celul\u0103 solar\u0103 capabil\u0103 s\u0103 absoarb\u0103 \u0219i s\u0103 converteasc\u0103 suficient\u0103 energie solar\u0103 pentru func\u021bionarea echipamentelor noastre zilnice<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

De atunci, tehnologiile au evoluat pentru a r\u0103spunde cererii tot mai mari de energie. Cum func\u021bioneaz\u0103 ast\u0103zi un panou solar?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Panouri solare moderne<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Un panou solar func\u021bioneaz\u0103 printr-un proces cunoscut sub numele de efect fotovoltaic, care are loc \u00een celulele fotovoltaice pe care le-am prezentat anterior. C\u00e2nd lumina soarelui love\u0219te o celul\u0103 fotovoltaic\u0103, fotonii con\u021binu\u021bi \u00een lumin\u0103 transmit energie electronilor din materialul semiconductor al celulei, de obicei siliciu cristalin<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Acest proces excit\u0103 electronii, for\u021b\u00e2ndu-i s\u0103 se deplaseze \u00een interiorul materialului semiconductor. Datorit\u0103 structurii specifice a celulei, electronii excita\u021bi sunt for\u021ba\u021bi s\u0103 se deplaseze \u00eentr-o anumit\u0103 direc\u021bie, gener\u00e2nd o diferen\u021b\u0103 de poten\u021bial electric \u00eentre cele dou\u0103 p\u0103r\u021bi ale celulei. Aceast\u0103 diferen\u021b\u0103 de poten\u021bial creeaz\u0103 un curent electric continuu (DC) care poate fi colectat \u0219i utilizat. Cablurile electrice \u0219i conectorii conecta\u021bi la celulele fotovoltaice transport\u0103 acest curent electric \u00een afara panoului solar, unde poate fi direc\u021bionat c\u0103tre un sistem de stocare sau utilizat direct pentru a alimenta dispozitive electrice.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Acest curent continuu este apoi convertit \u00een curent alternativ (CA) de c\u0103tre un invertor, f\u0103c\u00e2ndu-l compatibil cu aparatele electrocasnice \u0219i industriale.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Chiar \u0219i \u00een condi\u021bii de \u00eennorat, este posibil s\u0103 se genereze energie solar\u0103, de\u0219i cantitatea de energie produs\u0103 poate varia \u00een func\u021bie de cantitatea \u0219i calitatea luminii solare disponibile, precum \u0219i de dimensiunea, num\u0103rul \u0219i amplasarea panourilor solare.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Exist\u0103 \u0219i panouri solare termice?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Dac\u0103 sunte\u021bi interesat de sursele regenerabile de energie \u0219i v\u0103 angaja\u021bi s\u0103 \u00eencerca\u021bi s\u0103 asigura\u021bi un viitor mai ecologic, probabil a\u021bi auzit \u0219i de panouri solare termice<\/strong>, care sunt diferite de panourile fotovoltaice. Panourile solare termice genereaz\u0103 c\u0103ldur\u0103 direct din lumina soarelui pentru a \u00eenc\u0103lzi apa sau alte fluide.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ele constau dintr-o serie de tuburi sub\u021biri, de obicei din cupru sau aluminiu<\/strong>, care sunt dispuse pe o suprafa\u021b\u0103 plan\u0103 \u0219i acoperite cu o sticl\u0103 transparent\u0103 rezistent\u0103. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Func\u021bionarea panourilor solare termice este destul de simpl\u0103: atunci c\u00e2nd lumina soarelui atinge tuburile de dedesubt, acestea absorb c\u0103ldura \u0219i o transfer\u0103 apei sau fluidului con\u021binut \u00een interior. Acest lichid se \u00eenc\u0103lze\u0219te \u0219i este apoi pompat printr-un sistem de conducte c\u0103tre un rezervor de stocare sau un sistem de distribu\u021bie pentru \u00eenc\u0103lzirea cl\u0103dirilor, a piscinelor sau pentru ap\u0103 cald\u0103 menajer\u0103.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Panourile solare termice reprezint\u0103 o solu\u021bie eficient\u0103 \u0219i durabil\u0103 pentru valorificarea energiei solare \u00een scopuri termice, reduc\u00e2nd dependen\u021ba de combustibilii fosili \u0219i contribuind la reducerea emisiilor de gaze cu efect de ser\u0103.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Concluzii<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Energia solar\u0103 este o surs\u0103 curat\u0103 \u0219i durabil\u0103 care exploateaz\u0103 energia soarelui pentru a genera energie electric\u0103 \u0219i termic\u0103 utilizabil\u0103. \u00cen ciuda unei cre\u0219teri modeste \u00een 2023, previziunile pentru 2024 sunt promi\u021b\u0103toare<\/a>, cu o cre\u0219tere estimat\u0103 de aproximativ 50 de terawa\u021bi or\u0103 (TWh) datorit\u0103 instal\u0103rii rapide de capacit\u0103\u021bi fotovoltaice solare mari. \u00cen 2023 s-a \u00eenregistrat o cre\u0219tere record a capacit\u0103\u021bii solare fotovoltaice, cu peste 14 GWDC instalate, \u00een principal pe acoperi\u0219uri, \u0219i se a\u0219teapt\u0103 o tendin\u021b\u0103 similar\u0103 \u00een 2024. Acest boom energetic, combinat cu o produc\u021bie nuclear\u0103 mai stabil\u0103, indic\u0103 o sc\u0103dere accentuat\u0103 a utiliz\u0103rii combustibililor fosili \u0219i o mai Obiectivele climatice europene pentru 2030<\/a>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cre\u0219terea energiilor regenerabile pare s\u0103 fie capabil\u0103 s\u0103 satisfac\u0103 cererea de energie \u00een Europa, reduc\u00e2nd dependen\u021ba de sursele neregenerabile \u0219i contribuind la obiectivele de decarbonizare. Cu solu\u021bii inovatoare precum cele propuse de Heiwit, care ofer\u0103 stimulente economice companiilor pentru\u2019instalarea de sisteme fotovoltaice pe acoperi\u0219uri<\/strong>, suntem martorii unei transform\u0103ri c\u0103tre un viitor energetic mai durabil \u0219i mai ecologic. Dori\u021bi s\u0103 face\u021bi parte din aceast\u0103 tranzi\u021bie? Atunci nu ezita\u021bi s\u0103 ne contacta\u021bi.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

In Heiwit, conosciamo bene i pannelli solari. Installiamo impianti fotovoltaici su tetti di aziende, consentendo di dare il nostro contributo alla decarbonizzazione e a fornire alle imprese italiane un modo per ottenere profitto. Chi meglio di noi sa com’\u00e8 fatto un pannello solare e come funziona? Com’\u00e8 fatto un pannello solare? In gergo tecnico, chiamiamo […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":562,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"off","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[9],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-561","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-approfondimenti"],"yoast_head":"\nCom'\u00e8 fatto un pannello solare e come funziona | Heiwit<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Come e fatto un pannello solare e come funziona: celle, strati, effetto fotovoltaico e resa reale di un modulo, spiegati in modo semplice.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.heiwit.com\/ro\/cum-arata-si-cum-functioneaza-un-panou-solar\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ro_RO\" 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